NYC Window Guard Requirements for Landlords: The Complete Compliance Guide (2026)
Complete guide to NYC window guard requirements for landlords under Local Law 57. Learn installation rules, approved guard types, deadlines, and penalties.
Security Window Bars (SWB), the #1 authority in residential perimeter protection in the USA, brings you the most critical advice to keep your home safe. If you own or manage a residential building in New York City, understanding NYC window guard requirements for landlords is not optional — it is a legal obligation that directly affects child safety and your liability exposure. According to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH), falls from windows are among the leading causes of injury-related death for young children in urban environments, which is precisely why Local Law 57 was enacted and aggressively enforced. Each year, the NYC DOHMH receives thousands of complaints about non-compliant buildings. Violations can result in fines reaching $500 per window per day. Whether you manage a single brownstone in Brooklyn or a 50-unit tower in the Bronx, this guide breaks down every requirement, deadline, approved guard type, and enforcement detail you need to stay compliant, protect your tenants, and avoid costly penalties.
Local Law 57 applies to all multiple dwelling buildings — any residential building with three or more units — located within the five boroughs of New York City,…
What Is Local Law 57 and Why It Governs NYC Window Guard Requirements for Landlords
Local Law 57 of 1976, codified under New York City Health Code Section 131.15, is the foundational legislation that establishes mandatory NYC window guard requirements for landlords. The law was passed in direct response to a public health crisis: children under the age of 10 were falling from apartment windows at alarming rates throughout the city’s dense residential neighborhoods. Before the law’s enactment, window falls were so common in New York City that they earned the grim unofficial label ‘the summer syndrome’ — a seasonal spike in pediatric window-fall injuries that spiked every year when warmer weather prompted families to open their windows. Local Law 57 changed everything. Under this statute, landlords bear the primary legal responsibility for installing, maintaining, and inspecting window guards in any dwelling unit where a child 10 years of age or younger resides. The law also gives tenants the right to request window guards even if no children reside in the unit — and landlords must comply with that written request. The New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) and the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) both have enforcement authority, meaning violations can be flagged through two separate city agencies. Understanding the full scope of this law is the starting point for every landlord operating within the five boroughs of New York City.
Which Buildings Are Covered Under Local Law 57
Local Law 57 applies to all multiple dwelling buildings — any residential building with three or more units — located within the five boroughs of New York City, including Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Single-family and two-family homes are generally not covered under the same mandatory framework, though voluntary installation is always advisable. The law covers all windows in apartments where a child 10 years of age or younger lives, with the exception of windows that provide access to fire escapes, which are governed by separate egress requirements. Building owners, not managing agents, bear the primary legal responsibility, although property management companies acting on behalf of owners can assume compliance duties contractually. If you manage a co-op or condominium building in NYC, the law still applies to the units, and board-level compliance policies should address window guard installation and annual notice obligations across the entire building.
The Annual Notice Requirement: Deadlines Every NYC Landlord Must Know
One of the most actionable — and frequently violated — components of NYC window guard requirements for landlords is the annual written notice obligation. Under Local Law 57 and the NYC Health Code, landlords must send written notice to every tenant in the building at least once per year, typically between January 1 and January 16, informing them of their right to window guards. This notice must be provided in English and Spanish. Tenants with children under 10 must be identified and their units must have window guards installed within 60 days of the tenant’s occupancy or upon discovery of a child under 10 in the unit. Landlords must retain copies of completed and returned tenant response forms. Missing this annual notice deadline is itself a citable violation — even if your building has zero children and all guards are installed. The paperwork compliance component is something many smaller landlords overlook, and it is a primary source of DOHMH violations issued during routine inspections.
Which Windows Require Guards Under New York City Law
Not every window in a New York City apartment building requires a window guard under Local Law 57, but the rules governing which windows are covered are specific and leave little room for interpretation. Understanding the scope of coverage is essential for landlords who want to achieve full compliance without over-installing or under-installing guards. The law is primarily triggered by two conditions: the presence of a child 10 years of age or younger in the dwelling unit, or a written tenant request for guards regardless of whether children are present. Once either condition is met, the landlord must install compliant window guards on all windows in that specific apartment, with a narrow set of exceptions.
Fire Escape Windows: The Critical Exception
The most important exception to the NYC window guard installation requirement involves windows that provide the primary or sole means of egress to a fire escape. Under no circumstances may a landlord install a window guard that permanently blocks or restricts access to a fire escape — doing so creates a life-safety hazard and violates both the NYC Health Code and the New York City Fire Code simultaneously. This is precisely why the distinction between a standard security window guard and a quick-release or egress-compliant security bar system matters so much in residential settings. Windows serving as fire escape access points must remain freely operable from the inside. Any guard installed on such a window must incorporate a quick-release mechanism that can be opened by an occupant without tools or special knowledge. This requirement aligns directly with the International Building Code (IBC) and NFPA 101 Life Safety Code standards that govern egress windows nationwide.
Ground-Floor and Basement Windows: Additional Considerations
Ground-floor and basement windows in New York City apartment buildings present a dual compliance challenge. On one hand, Local Law 57 window guard requirements apply equally to ground-floor windows in units where children under 10 reside. On the other hand, ground-floor windows are also the highest-risk entry points for burglaries — according to FBI Uniform Crime Reporting data, approximately 60% of residential break-ins occur through ground-floor windows and doors. This means ground-floor landlords and tenants in high-density New York City neighborhoods like the South Bronx, East New York in Brooklyn, or Jamaica in Queens are simultaneously managing child fall-prevention compliance and intrusion deterrence. Security window guards installed on ground-floor windows must meet the structural strength requirements under Local Law 57 while also providing meaningful deterrence against forced entry. This is where heavy-gauge steel construction and proper anchoring into structural framing become non-negotiable requirements.
Approved Window Guard Types and Installation Standards for NYC Landlords
New York City law is specific about what constitutes an approved window guard. The NYC DOHMH requires that all window guards installed under Local Law 57 be tested and listed by an independent testing laboratory — most commonly Underwriters Laboratories (UL) — and meet the load-bearing strength specifications outlined in the Health Code. Guards must be capable of withstanding a minimum outward force of 150 pounds to prevent a child from pushing through or dislodging them. The approved guard must be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and must fit the specific window opening without gaps large enough for a child to pass through. The maximum allowable gap between bars or slats is 4.5 inches — a dimension specifically chosen to prevent a young child’s head from fitting through. Landlords who purchase and install non-approved guards, or who allow tenants to self-install unapproved products, remain legally liable if a child is injured. Keeping purchase receipts, installation records, and product approval documentation is a best practice for every building owner.
Vertical Bar Guards vs. Horizontal Grille Guards
The two most common approved window guard designs seen in New York City apartment buildings are vertical bar guards and horizontal grille-style security grates for windows. Vertical bar guards consist of evenly spaced steel rods or bars running from top to bottom of the window opening, anchored into the window frame or the surrounding masonry. They are the most traditional form of security window guard in NYC residential buildings and remain widely used in pre-war walk-up buildings throughout Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Bronx. Horizontal grille guards, sometimes referred to as window security grates, feature a cross-hatched or grid-style steel pattern and tend to provide a more finished aesthetic appearance. Both types must meet the 4.5-inch maximum gap standard and the 150-pound load-bearing threshold. The choice between the two is primarily aesthetic and architectural, though some building owners prefer vertical bars for basement and ground-floor windows due to their proven strength in forced-entry deterrence scenarios.
Quick-Release Mechanisms: Balancing Safety and Compliance
For windows that also serve as emergency egress — or in buildings where landlords want to future-proof their compliance — window security bars with a quick-release mechanism represent the intersection of Local Law 57 compliance and life-safety egress requirements. The NYC Fire Code and the International Building Code both require that window guards on egress windows be openable from the inside without tools. Quick-release window security bars allow an occupant to unlatch and remove or swing open the guard within seconds in an emergency, satisfying both the DOHMH child safety mandate and the Fire Code egress requirement simultaneously. This dual-compliance approach is increasingly popular among NYC building managers who want a single product solution. When evaluating security window bars with quick release capability, building owners should verify that the quick-release mechanism itself meets the load-bearing strength standard under Local Law 57 when locked — the guard must not be defeatable by a child’s outward force while remaining openable by an adult in an emergency.
Telescopic and Adjustable Guards: Are They Approved for NYC Use
Telescopic and adjustable security window guards — which can be expanded or contracted to fit different window widths — are a practical solution for landlords managing buildings with varying window sizes, particularly in older New York City residential stock where window dimensions are rarely standardized. For an adjustable or telescopic guard to be used in a Local Law 57 compliance context, it must carry independent laboratory approval (such as UL listing), meet the structural strength standard, and maintain compliance with the 4.5-inch maximum gap rule at all extension settings. Telescopic guards offer a significant logistical advantage for landlords: one approved SKU can cover a wider range of window widths, reducing the complexity of ordering and inventory management across a multi-unit building. They are also the preferred solution for tenants who need to comply with landlord window-guard requests on their own, as well as for renters seeking supplemental security protection on windows not covered by the mandatory child safety mandate.
Landlord vs. Tenant Responsibilities Under NYC Window Guard Law
One of the most frequently misunderstood aspects of NYC window guard requirements for landlords is the precise allocation of responsibility between building owners and their tenants. The law is clear: the legal obligation to install, maintain, and inspect window guards rests with the landlord, not the tenant. However, the law also creates a framework for tenant participation that affects how and when landlords must act. Landlords cannot place the cost of window guard installation on the tenant as a lease condition — installation is a landlord obligation that cannot be contracted away through lease language. Courts in New York have consistently upheld this interpretation. At the same time, tenants play a critical role in the compliance cycle through their annual response forms, their notifications about the presence of children in the unit, and their maintenance of guard conditions between landlord inspections.
When a Tenant Requests Removal of a Window Guard
A tenant in a unit where no children under 10 reside may submit a written request to the landlord to have window guards removed. This is the only legal mechanism by which a window guard can be removed from an occupied NYC apartment. Upon receiving a valid written removal request from a tenant with no children under 10, the landlord may — but is not required to — remove the guard. Critically, if a new child under 10 subsequently moves into or is born into that unit, the guard must be reinstalled immediately. Landlords who remove guards based on tenant requests should retain the signed written request as documentation of the tenant’s voluntary waiver. This documentation protects the landlord in the event of a future liability claim. Many property managers in New York City now use digital compliance platforms to track notice delivery, signed forms, guard installation records, and removal requests on a per-unit basis.
Maintenance and Inspection Obligations for Building Owners
Installing a window guard once and forgetting about it does not satisfy NYC window guard requirements for landlords. The law imposes an ongoing maintenance and inspection obligation. Guards must be kept in good repair — free from rust, structural damage, loose anchoring, or deformation that would reduce their load-bearing capacity or create gaps wider than 4.5 inches. Annual inspections are strongly recommended, and many building management standards call for semi-annual inspections in buildings with high tenant turnover. When a tenant moves out of a unit where window guards were installed, the landlord must inspect those guards before re-renting the unit to ensure they remain structurally sound. If a guard has been damaged, removed, or tampered with by a previous tenant, it must be repaired or replaced before the new tenant takes occupancy, regardless of whether the new tenant has children under 10.
Penalties and Enforcement: What NYC Landlords Face for Non-Compliance
The financial and legal consequences of violating NYC window guard requirements for landlords are serious and escalate rapidly. Enforcement is carried out primarily by the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) through its Housing Maintenance Code inspection system, and by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH). Both agencies have independent authority to issue violations, and a single non-compliant window can generate simultaneous citations from both departments. Understanding the penalty structure is one of the most powerful motivators for ensuring full and timely compliance across your entire building portfolio.
HPD Violation Classes and Fine Amounts
The NYC HPD classifies housing code violations into three categories — Class A (non-hazardous), Class B (hazardous), and Class C (immediately hazardous). Window guard violations involving a window in an apartment with a child under 10 are typically classified as Class C — immediately hazardous — because they represent an active risk of serious injury or death to a child. Class C violations carry the most severe enforcement consequences under NYC law. Fines for Class C window guard violations can reach $500 per day per window from the date of violation issuance until the condition is corrected and the correction is certified with HPD. In a building with multiple non-compliant windows, fines can accumulate to tens of thousands of dollars within weeks. Beyond financial penalties, uncorrected Class C violations create significant liability exposure if a child is injured — courts have awarded substantial damages in window-fall cases where landlords were found to have ignored compliance obligations.
DOHMH Enforcement Actions and Criminal Liability
The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene has separate enforcement authority under the Health Code and can issue its own civil penalties for window guard violations independent of HPD actions. DOHMH inspectors frequently conduct targeted sweeps in high-density residential neighborhoods following reports of window falls or complaints from tenants or advocates. In egregious cases — where a landlord has received multiple notices of violation, failed to install guards despite documented awareness of children in a unit, and a child is subsequently injured — the New York City District Attorney’s office has pursued criminal negligence charges against building owners. While criminal prosecution is rare, it is a documented outcome in the most severe cases. Beyond direct legal penalties, non-compliance with window guard requirements can affect a landlord’s ability to obtain building permits, renew certificates of occupancy, and participate in city-subsidized housing programs.
How Security Window Guards Serve NYC Landlords Beyond Legal Compliance
Meeting the baseline NYC window guard requirements for landlords is the legal floor — but smart property owners recognize that quality security window guards deliver value far beyond regulatory compliance. In a city where the NYPD reports tens of thousands of burglary complaints annually and ground-floor apartments in neighborhoods across all five boroughs remain high-priority targets for break-ins, window guards are simultaneously a child safety tool and a property security investment. Landlords who install high-quality, aesthetically appropriate security window guards frequently report lower tenant turnover, fewer break-in incidents, and stronger marketing positions for ground-floor units — which are often the hardest units to rent in urban residential buildings. The right security window guard system addresses child fall prevention, forced-entry deterrence, and building aesthetics in a single installation.
Security Window Grates and Guards as a Tenant Retention Tool
For landlords in competitive New York City rental markets — whether in a Brooklyn brownstone walkup, a Harlem pre-war building, or a mid-rise in Flushing, Queens — the presence of quality, well-maintained security window guards and security grates for windows is a tangible amenity that security-conscious tenants actively seek. According to a 2022 survey by the National Apartment Association, home security features rank among the top five amenities that renters prioritize when choosing between comparable units. A building that visibly communicates physical security through properly installed, well-maintained window security grates and guards signals to prospective tenants that the landlord takes building safety seriously. This is a differentiation point in a dense urban market where many competing buildings offer identical finishes, appliances, and pricing.
Choosing the Right Security Window Guard for Your NYC Building
For NYC landlords evaluating security window guard options, the decision matrix involves several factors: Local Law 57 approval status, structural strength rating, gap compliance (maximum 4.5 inches), aesthetic fit with the building’s architecture, and installation practicality across multiple units. Heavy-gauge steel construction is non-negotiable for ground-floor and basement windows where forced-entry risk is highest. For upper-floor windows where the primary concern is child fall prevention rather than intrusion, lighter-gauge approved guards may be appropriate. Landlords managing buildings with mixed window sizes — extremely common in New York City’s pre-war residential stock — benefit significantly from adjustable or telescopic security window guard systems that can be configured to fit varying window widths without custom fabrication. This reduces per-unit installation costs substantially and simplifies the inventory management challenge across large building portfolios. For windows that also serve as emergency egress, only guards with tested quick-release mechanisms should be installed to satisfy both the DOHMH and NYC Fire Code simultaneously. You can explore a full range of security window guards, security bars for windows and doors, and egress-compliant bar systems at Security Window Bars to find the right solution for your specific building requirements.
Step-by-Step Compliance Checklist for NYC Landlords in 2026
Achieving and maintaining full compliance with NYC window guard requirements for landlords requires a systematic, calendar-driven approach. Many landlords, particularly those managing smaller portfolios without dedicated property management staff, find themselves out of compliance not because they are negligent, but because the multi-step nature of the law’s requirements — annual notices, installation deadlines, maintenance inspections, documentation retention — is easy to let slip without a clear checklist. The following framework provides a practical compliance roadmap applicable to landlords managing any size residential building within the five boroughs of New York City. Implementing this checklist at the start of each calendar year will substantially reduce your violation risk and create a defensible compliance record in the event of an HPD or DOHMH inspection.
January Compliance Actions: Notices and Tenant Surveys
The annual compliance cycle for NYC window guard requirements begins in January. Between January 1 and January 16, landlords must distribute the required annual window guard notice to every residential tenant in the building. This notice must be provided in both English and Spanish and must inform tenants of their right to request window guards. The notice should include a response form that tenants return to indicate whether any children under 10 reside in their unit. Landlords should use certified mail, building management portals, or in-person delivery with signature confirmation to document that notices were delivered. Retain all returned response forms — both those indicating children in the unit and those indicating no children — for a minimum of three years. This documentation is your primary defense in any HPD or DOHMH inspection scenario.
Year-Round Compliance Actions: Installation, Inspection, and Documentation
Beyond the January notice requirement, NYC window guard compliance is a year-round obligation. When a new tenant with a child under 10 moves in, guards must be installed within 60 days. When an existing tenant reports a new child born into or moving into their unit, the 60-day installation clock starts again. During unit turnover between tenancies, inspect all installed guards for structural integrity, corrosion, gap compliance, and secure anchoring before re-renting. Document all installations with photos, product model numbers, and installation dates. Maintain a building-wide log that tracks, on a per-unit basis: notice delivery date, response form status, child under 10 present (yes/no), guard installation status, last inspection date, and any removal requests received. This log is the cornerstone of a defensible compliance program and should be updated every time any of these status factors changes for any unit in your building.
NYC Window Guard Requirements vs. Window Security Standards in Other US Cities
New York City’s Local Law 57 is the most comprehensive and strictly enforced municipal window guard mandate in the United States, but it is not the only city that has addressed child window fall prevention through legislation. Understanding how NYC’s requirements compare to standards in other major American cities helps landlords who own properties in multiple markets, and illustrates why the NYC framework is widely considered the national model for window safety legislation. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), window falls account for an estimated 8 children’s deaths and more than 3,300 emergency department visits annually in the United States among children under age 10 — a statistic that underscores why proactive window guard policies matter even in cities where they are not yet legally mandated.
Chicago, Los Angeles, and Other Major Cities: Current Window Guard Standards
Chicago’s Municipal Code addresses window guards primarily in the context of its Residential Landlord and Tenant Ordinance, which requires landlords to maintain rental units in compliance with applicable building codes but does not include a New York-style annual notice mandate. The Chicago Building Code requires window guards in some high-rise residential contexts and in licensed childcare facilities. Los Angeles has no citywide window guard mandate comparable to NYC’s Local Law 57, though the Los Angeles Housing Department does enforce habitability standards that can encompass window safety in certain circumstances. Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington D.C. each have targeted window guard requirements in specific housing programs or subsidized housing contexts, but none approaches the scope and enforcement intensity of New York City’s framework. For landlords operating in these cities who want to go beyond the regulatory minimum — particularly those with family tenants in ground-floor units — installing approved security window guards is a best-practice investment in tenant safety and liability reduction regardless of whether it is legally mandated.
Why NYC’s Model Sets the Standard for Landlord Window Guard Obligations Nationwide
New York City’s Local Law 57 is widely cited by child safety advocates, pediatric public health researchers, and housing policy experts as the most effective legislative model for reducing window fall injuries in dense urban residential settings. A landmark study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that pediatric window fall deaths in New York City dropped by more than 96% in the two decades following the enactment of Local Law 57 — a public health outcome that virtually no other single piece of residential safety legislation has matched. The law’s combination of mandatory installation for buildings with children under 10, annual tenant notice requirements, structural performance standards for approved guards, and robust enforcement through multiple city agencies creates a comprehensive compliance ecosystem that effectively closes the gaps that other, more voluntary approaches leave open. Landlords in states and cities without comparable mandates who want to adopt a best-practice standard for their buildings are well advised to use NYC’s Local Law 57 framework as their voluntary compliance benchmark.
🏆 Conclusion
NYC window guard requirements for landlords represent one of the most specific, well-enforced, and consequential areas of residential building compliance in the United States. From the January annual notice deadline to the 60-day installation window after a child moves in, from the 4.5-inch maximum bar gap standard to the quick-release mandate for fire escape windows, every detail of Local Law 57 exists for a reason — and every violation carries real financial and legal risk for building owners. But compliance with New York City window guard law is ultimately not just a regulatory exercise. It is an acknowledgment that the children living in your building deserve a safe home, and that you as a landlord have the power — and the obligation — to provide that protection. Beyond the five boroughs, property owners across the country can learn from NYC’s framework and adopt the same standards voluntarily. Whether you manage a single rental unit in Brooklyn or a 200-unit complex in the Bronx, Security Window Bars offers the steel-construction, code-aware window security solutions that help you meet your compliance obligations and protect the families who call your building home.
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Shop on Amazon →Frequently Asked Questions
Under New York City Health Code Section 131.15 (Local Law 57), landlords of multiple dwelling buildings with three or more units must install approved window guards in any apartment where a child 10 years of age or younger resides. Landlords must also send written annual notices to all tenants between January 1 and January 16 informing them of their right to request window guards. Guards must meet structural strength standards (withstand 150 lbs of outward force), have no gaps exceeding 4.5 inches between bars, and be tested and listed by an independent laboratory such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL). Windows providing access to fire escapes require guards with quick-release mechanisms to maintain emergency egress compliance.
The landlord is solely responsible for the cost of window guard installation in New York City. Landlords cannot charge tenants for window guard installation or include lease clauses that shift this financial obligation to the tenant. The obligation arises automatically when a child under 10 resides in the unit, and must be fulfilled within 60 days of the landlord learning of the child’s presence. Any lease provision that attempts to make the tenant responsible for installation costs is unenforceable under NYC law. Landlords who fail to install guards cannot cite tenant financial refusal as a defense against HPD or DOHMH violations.
A tenant in a unit where no children under the age of 10 reside may submit a written request to the landlord asking for window guards to be removed. Upon receiving this written request, the landlord may remove the guards. However, if a child under 10 subsequently moves into or is born into the unit, the landlord must reinstall the guards within 60 days. Landlords should retain the signed removal request as documentation. A tenant cannot unilaterally remove or damage window guards — doing so may constitute lease violations and create liability for the tenant.
Violations of NYC window guard requirements are classified as Class C (immediately hazardous) violations by the NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD), carrying fines of up to $500 per day per window from the date the violation is issued until it is corrected and certified. The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) can issue separate civil penalties under the Health Code. In cases where a landlord has received documented notice of a violation and failed to act and a child is subsequently injured, criminal negligence charges have been pursued. Non-compliance can also affect building permit status and eligibility for city housing programs.
Windows that provide the primary or sole means of egress to a fire escape are exempt from the standard fixed window guard requirement under Local Law 57. However, if a landlord wishes to install any type of window guard on a fire escape access window — for security or fall prevention purposes — the guard must incorporate a tested quick-release mechanism that allows the window to be fully opened from the inside without tools or special knowledge. This ensures the guard does not block emergency egress. Both the NYC Fire Code and the International Building Code (IBC) prohibit any fixed, non-openable barrier on required egress windows.
Telescopic and adjustable window guards can be used in NYC Local Law 57 compliance contexts, provided they carry independent laboratory approval (such as a UL listing), meet the structural strength standard of withstanding 150 pounds of outward force, and maintain the maximum 4.5-inch gap requirement at all width settings. Adjustable guards are particularly practical for buildings with varying window sizes, which is common in older New York City residential stock. Landlords should verify that any adjustable guard they purchase carries documentation of independent testing and approval before installing it as a Local Law 57 compliance measure.
Yes, Local Law 57 applies to all multiple dwelling buildings in New York City — including condominium and co-operative residential buildings — where three or more residential units are present. The building owner or co-op corporation bears the primary legal compliance responsibility, though individual unit owners in condominiums may have shared obligations depending on the building’s governing documents. Condo and co-op boards should establish building-wide window guard compliance policies and annual notice procedures to ensure all units meet the requirements, particularly in buildings with units rented out to tenants with young children.
New York City’s Local Law 57 is the most comprehensive and strictly enforced window guard mandate in the United States. Most other major American cities — including Chicago, Los Angeles, Houston, and Philadelphia — do not have a citywide mandatory window guard law equivalent to NYC’s. Chicago’s Residential Landlord Ordinance addresses general habitability but lacks NYC-style annual notice requirements or mandated installation timelines. Los Angeles has no comparable citywide mandate. According to the American Journal of Public Health, pediatric window fall deaths in NYC dropped by over 96% in the two decades after Local Law 57 was enacted — a public health outcome that advocates cite as justification for similar laws nationwide.